Alcohol consumption has long been associated with various health risks, including an increased likelihood of developing cancer. Research has shown that even moderate drinking can contribute to cancer development by damaging DNA, impairing the body’s ability to repair cells, and promoting the growth of harmful compounds. The World Health Organization released a statement in 2023 confirming that over the years studies have well-documented the link between alcohol and cancers.
1. How Alcohol Contributes to Cancer
The Surgeon General published a warning in January of 2025 stating that alcohol use is a leading preventable cause of cancer in the United States, contributing to 100,000 cancer cases and about 20,000 cancer deaths each year. Alcohol consumption can lead to cancer through multiple biological pathways:
- DNA Damage: Alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde, a toxic chemical that can damage DNA and prevent its proper repair.
- Hormonal Changes: Alcohol can increase levels of estrogen and other hormones, which may contribute to hormone-sensitive cancers.
- Increased Oxidative Stress: The breakdown of alcohol generates reactive oxygen species, which can harm cells and lead to mutations.
- Weakened Nutrient Absorption: Alcohol interferes with the absorption of vital nutrients like folate, which plays a role in DNA repair and stability.
2. Types of Cancer Linked to Alcohol
A. Breast Cancer
Studies indicate that alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. Even moderate drinking can elevate estrogen levels, promoting tumor growth.
B. Liver Cancer
Chronic alcohol consumption is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, which can progress to liver cancer. The toxic effects of alcohol on liver cells contribute to DNA damage and inflammation.
C. Mouth, Throat, and Esophageal Cancer
Alcohol is a significant risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. The damage caused by alcohol and its metabolites makes cells more vulnerable to carcinogens, particularly in smokers.
D. Colorectal Cancer
Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol disrupts gut microbiota and increases inflammation in the digestive tract, creating a higher cancer risk.
E. Pancreatic Cancer
While less directly linked than other cancers, chronic alcohol consumption can lead to pancreatitis, which increases the risk of pancreatic cancer.
3. Reducing the Risk
- Limit Consumption: Follow recommended guidelines—no more than one drink per day for women and two for men.
- Choose Alcohol-Free Days: Having designated alcohol-free days can help lower overall intake.
- Adopt a Healthy Diet: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help counteract some of alcohol’s harmful effects.
- Stay Hydrated: Alternating alcoholic drinks with water can help reduce overall consumption.
- Regular Screenings: Individuals with a history of heavy drinking should undergo routine cancer screenings for early detection.
Updating health warning labels on alcoholic beverages can also help since at least half of Americans are not aware of the health risks associated with alcohol consumption. The power to change labeling lies with congress. Given the evidence of harm, the hope is that labeling will change in the near future.
Authors: Panagiota Demetriou, FNP, APRN-BC and Katerina Sotiropoulos